Quick Studies

Underprivileged kids growing up in congested cities must overcome many handicaps; this study suggests one of them is the very air they breathe.

• By Tom Jacobs

Researchers found fraternity membership lowers a student's grade-point average by 0.25 points (on a four-point scale), but increases future income by 36.2 percent.

• By Tom Jacobs

While the painful perception of being stigmatized discourages some potential scholars, a simple act of self-affirmation can substantially close such achievement gaps.

• By Tom Jacobs

Breastfeeding may not make bright kids brighter, but it apparently does benefit the kids who could most use a boost.

• By Tom Jacobs

Men are allowed to be mavericks, but women are expected to toe the party line.

• By Tom Jacobs

A study found that 11-year-olds who demonstrated medium or high academic ability were more likely to smoke cannabis at ages 18 to 20.

• By Tom Jacobs